Aerodynamic Development Of Land Speed Record Car Engineering Essay

Aerodynamic Development Of Land Speed Record Car Engineering Essay This project is focused on the baseline aerodynamic analyses and optimisation of a Land Speed Record vehicle in terms of performance of drag and aerodynamic stability, and thereby, speed the vehicle can attain. The vehicle `Stay Gold’ shown below belongs to the David Tremayne, a Formula One journalist. It is his plan to break the current British Land Speed Record by achieving a speed of about 350 m/s. A photograph of the vehicle in its current form can be seen below. C:UsersCecilDesktopDSC07489.JPG Figure 1, (20)- Photograph of the Land Speed Record vehicle in its current form. In aerodynamic analyses, the prohibitive costs of conventional wind testing along with the advent of computing power, characterised by its decreasing cost has brought the applications of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to the fore front of research and industrial applications, (2). The complications of actual wind tunnel testing ranging from differences in boundary conditions to the scale and mounti ng of the object is covered well in existing literature, (1). CFD is a method for analysing complex fluid flow problems using numerical methods to solve the Navier-Stokes governing equations. This report begins with the study of high speed vehicle aerodynamics to understand the important physical phenomena taking place, i.e. Air flows linked with different parts of the vehicle. CFD has been established as a proven tool used to perform baseline simulations with different turbulence models, boundary conditions and grids. Consequently, the influence of compressibility by running cases with progressively faster operating speeds up to Mach 0.5 and the effects of varying the geometry of nose and body of the vehicle using low-drag fairings are studied. Literature Review: High Speed Vehicle Aerodynamics: Aerodynamics is the study of various forces when a body is in motion. As we know, any vehicle moving through a fluid experiences forces induced by the fluid on it. When a vehicle moves forw ard it displaces the static air in front of it and hence disrupts the air flow around the body. These induced fluid forces can be characterised into three main forces which can be represented on a Cartesian coordinate system as shown in the figure below, (19). Figure 2, (19)- Forces acting on a vehicle represented on Cartesian coordinate system The vertical force along the Z axis is called lift. In this context, the vertical force is usually pushing the car towards the ground. Lift force then would be negative. Instead, the term downforce will be used, which is the positive vertical force towards the ground. The horizontal force moving in the opposite direction as the vehicle along the X axis is called drag force. Drag force is created by the vehicle’s resistance to motion moving through the air. . Drag will always be negative with this axis system, although in the results it will be displayed as positive, (19). The horizontal lateral force along the Y axis is called side for ce which occurs due to strong cross winds or by vehicles being in proximity to each other. The magnitude of these forces depends on various factors like the geometry & speed of the vehicle, mass of the fluid, viscosity & compressibility. These three forces are the basic aerodynamic forces that act on a moving solid body. We concentrate on the reducing the drag force alone to achieve higher speeds.

Attractive nuisance doctrine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Attractive nuisance doctrine - Essay Example The doctrine can be linked to anything lying on the land, but mostly to dangerous objects such as; abandoned cars, piles of timber, sand, trampolines or even swimming pools (Okrent 18). The doctrine tends to protect small children who are not mature enough to make responsible decisions over their own safety. The doctrine does not carter for adults. However, if an adult sustains injuries while attempting to save a child who is in an attractive nuisance, then the owner of the property will also be held responsible for the injuries of the adult. When citizens reside in areas where there are children, they are expected by the society to come up with responsible ways of protecting the kids (Okrent 19). A situation might arise when a child trespasses to someone else’s property, and in the midst of having fun, for example, swimming, the child drowns. The accident happened without the property’s owner being aware (Okrent 24). Therefore, it would be unfair for the owner to be charged with violating attractive nuisance. If the property owner has knowledge of the presence of children on his or her of the property, and a risk occurs linking it to any object that might harm them, then the owner is responsible for violating attractive nuisance (Okrent 20). In this essay, it is clear that the law of attractive nuisance is actually fair. If a person has something on their property that would raise the curiosity of small kids, for example, a swimming pool or a damaged car, the individual needs to check whether they are sufficiently and safely sheltered. The person should adopt methods like putting up a secured barrier or safe and sound covering over the entity (Okrent 30). Landowners are required to be aware of all the potential dangers posed by their property like tractors or an open ware house. This will help them know what to keep

The Indian Ocean Tea Trade Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

The Indian Ocean Tea Trade - Research Paper Example The trading ecosystem that thrives in the Indian Ocean does so because of the strategic location of the Indian Ocean, whose size makes it comprises about 20 percent of the total ocean surface of the earth, and whose location makes it ideal for all kinds of business activities, spanning Iran, Bangladesh, Pakistan and India to the north, Indonesia, Australia and the Malaysian Peninsula to the east, the Arabian Peninsula and Africa to the west, and Antarctica to the South. In the southwestern portion of the Indian Ocean, the body of water shares its boundaries with the Atlantic Ocean. Here it meets the southern end of the African Continent. The Indian Ocean also joins the Pacific Ocean meanwhile on its southeastern portion (Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2013). The Indian Ocean had been a traditional center of trade even in ancient times, extending as far back as the slave trade, where the trade in slaves in those earlier times coincided with mass migrations of peoples across the three conti nents of Africa, Europe, and Asia. In modern contexts, trade in the Indian Ocean has evolved to be concentrated on a few key commodities, including oil, which is the biggest item of trade in the Indian Ocean, as well as tea, rubber, coal and iron, with seafood being a relatively minor object of trade among key states along the Ocean and in the key destinations of Europe and Asia. Tourism has also grown to be a key aspect of trade in the Indian Ocean. This paper focuses on the trade in tea. (The Economist, 2013; Boston University, 2013; Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2013b; Hatcher, 2013; Asia Society 2013; UNESCO, 2013). II. Industry Background- Tea Trade in the Indian Ocean The literature tells us that the history of general trade in the Indian Ocean has ancient roots, extending to the early migrations of peoples along the bordering continents, and involving not just the trade in goods but also in slaves. Slaves are an important aspect of the ancient trade in the Indian Ocean, extending to the time of the European wave of colonization from the 16th century onwards. That trade would come to focus on a few key commodities in more present contexts, as discussed in the Introduction, and tea is one of those key commodities. There is meanwhile a deep historical basis to the trade in tea in the Indian Ocean itself, which is the subject of this section. (The Economist, 2013; Boston University, 2013; Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2013b; Hatcher, 2013; Asia Society 2013; UNESCO, 2013). When one talks of the modern tea trade one goes back to the roots of tea production and consumption in this part of the world, and here the references to the consumption of tea in Europe extend all the way back to the 16th century, with the consumption being attributed first to Portuguese traders and adventurers to the sea, with the tea being originated in the East, in China in particular, and finding their way via the ancient Indian Ocean trade routes to select members of the trading classes in Europe. That said, the formal attribution to tea being used as a key item of trade was given to the Dutch, who by the waning years of the 16th century had all but usurped the Portuguese role in being the facilitators of trade and the primary proponents of the routes of trade from Europe to the Far East and vice versa. The establishment of a Dutch trading post in Java in 1606 paved the way for the initiation of the trade of tea between Holland and the Chinese.  Ã‚