The Practicality of Ethical Principles Duty Before Fear - Literature Essay Samples

The Practicality of Ethical Principles: Duty Before Fear In this paper I will demonstrate how Immanuel Kant’s ethical principles presented in the Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals (henceforth GMM) provide a more appropriate choice to resolve ethical dilemmas than the ethical principles presented by Thomas Hobbes in the Leviathan (henceforth Lev.). I believe that fear is not the only, nor the most effective way to advocate the use of morality and that there is sufficient supporting information to prove this belief. First, I will explain Hobbes’ and Kant’s ethical principles presented in their respected works, detailing their views on human nature and how it affects the actions and moralities of individuals. Second, I will present my argument for Kant’s theories being the more applicable choice to resolve ethical dilemmas, including exploring the theoretical applications of both Kant’s and Hobbes’ ethical principles to thought experiments. Next, I will provide objections to my beliefs, as well as Kant’s theories, generated from the ideas put forth in the Lev. as well as the GMM. Finally, I will respond with counterarguments to the specified objections in order to conclude that Kant’s theory of ethical principles is more applicable to ethical dilemmas than Hobbes’ theory of ethical principles. In the Lev., Hobbes describes humans as beings who possess a â€Å"perpetual and restless desire of power after power, that ceaseth only in death† (Hobbes, 1.11). Humans, according to Hobbes, are constantly motivated by the acquisition of power, to the extent that some would even risk their lives to procure such power. These strived for powers can range from innate abilities such as strength, speed, and endurance to learned abilities such as resources and allies. Hobbes explains that due to this motivation, the natural state of humans is to be in a continuous state of war, for if two beings wished to possess the same resource they would attempt to overcome each other for that resource (Hobbes 1.13). This state of nature would exist continuously without the creation and enforcement of laws, for justice and injustice are not innately conceived within the body or the mind (Hobbes 1.13). In order that humans may avoid the state of nature, Hobbes’ proposes three laws of nature: strive for peace and continue in peaceful directions, be willing to lay down your right to all things, and keep the covenants you agree to (Hobbes 1.14-1.15). These laws are designed to allow humans to avoid actions that could lead to their own destruction, through the consensus of all men to abide by these devised natural laws. Hobbes believed that each person has the right to all things, but in order to enjoy these things one needs to survive, and this survival could not be guaranteed unless the state of nature was avoided through the accordance of these three laws as well as a law enforcing coercive power, which he describes as the Commonwealth (Hobbes 1.13-1.15). In the GMM, Kant describes humans as rational beings that possess a will, i.e. that humans possess the ability to act in accordance with principles and laws (Kant). The will, according to Kant, is â€Å"nothing but practical reason† (Kant), meaning that one’s will can possess the ability to use reason, in a manner in which it is free from inclination, in order to arrive at a choice which is objectively necessary and therefore good (Kant). Kant explains that although the will can allow humans to recognize what we ought to do, i.e. what is objectively necessary or good, the will of humans is also influenced by subjective surroundings, and therefore acting according to the â€Å"good will† is not necessarily required (Kant). Kant’s main ethical principle, the Categorical Imperative (henceforth CI), addresses the reality that human will does not necessarily require one to act according to the objectively necessary good. The CI states, â€Å"act only on that maxim whereby thou canst at the same time will it should become a universal law† (Kant). The CI is an obligation of all humans to act only in a way in which one would wish all others to act in the same way. Kant describes the CI as an apriori, synthetical, practical proposition, meaning that it is a judgment made before an experience, which aims to produce action (Kant). The CI is not just a law; it is an imperative, calling people to act. I believe that Kant’s CI is a more applicable ethical principle to resolve ethical dilemma’s than the natural laws proposed by Hobbes. Kant’s CI rests on the concept of obligation, the idea that humans have a duty to abide by the CI and act accordingly, and can accomplish compliance to this obligation through the acquisition of a good will (Kant). Hobbes’ laws of nature, contrarily, explain a human nature that dictates a need of an overarching coercive power in order to enforce morality and law accordance. Kant’s CI is universal and dictates that all humans be treated as ends rather than means and therefore is superior to Hobbes’ natural laws which require coercion to be followed and allow for authority to be the sole creator for the definition of justice. Kant’s CI is more applicable to resolve ethical dilemmas because it is a singular, universal moral principle that calls for humans to be treated as ends rather than means. Any person can exact his or her will to abide by the CI, that is to say that anyone can use the CI to determine if one’s actions are morally sound. The CI can also be applied to any ethical dilemma one is facing, whether it is something as simple as whether or not one should lie to a friend, or big ethical debates such as abortion. Kant’s principle also calls for human beings to be treated as ends and not as means. Kant explains, â€Å"humanity and generally every rational nature is an end in itself† (Kant). That is to say that humans must not be used as a method to achieve a goal, but rather they must be the goal themselves. In the Lev., Hobbes dictates a need for a coercive power to enforce the laws of nature through the provision of a punishment that is far worse than the benefit one could believe would come from violation of the laws (Hobbes 1.15). In other words, people need to fear the punishment of breaking the laws more than they want the benefit of breaking the laws. Hobbes believes that through the use of fear, all would comply with the laws. Fear, however, cannot be counted as a reliable motivator for all humans. Take for instance a missionary abroad, whose life is threatened unless he renounces his religion. He refuses, and is murdered. The fear of death is not enough to sway him from what he truly believes in. There are countless real life stories such as this, of people who willingly lay down their lives for their faith. If the ultimate punishment of death is not enough to motivate such people into action, how is a coercive power to develop a punishment that all people would fear absolutely? Hobbes’ idea of justice is â€Å"the constant will of giving to every man his own† (Hobbes 1.15). Since Hobbes also believes that all humans have a right to all things, one must refer to his second law of nature which requires men to give up their right to all things and to be contented with the freedoms they possess. This would mean that justice would come form the coercive power, which allows for recognized ownership, and that there would be no injustice without such a power (Hobbes 1.15). Justice and injustice are not concepts that exist solely because of a coercive power. Imagine for a moment, a southern plantation owner from Pre-Civil War Era America. According to the â€Å"coercive power† of that time period, he was entitled to do what he wished with his slaves, for he owned them. However, President Obama, America’s current â€Å"coercive power†, would say that the plantation owner had no right to own another human being. Two coercive powers of the same place but within different time periods have two entirely different ideas of justice. Furthermore, regardless of what any coercive power says today, most people would agree that slavery is inherently wrong. It is unjust, with or without the existence of a coercive power. Justice cannot be an ambiguous term that is defined only by the coercive power, for then with the change of coercive powers, so too would justice change, and there are certain things that are inherently just or unjust irrespecti ve to the beliefs of the coercive power.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   However, some may argue that if the state of nature were to come about, Hobbes’ description of human nature would be observed. That is to say that if we were to assume for a moment that an event, perhaps a zombie apocalypse, sent the world into a state of nature, how would people act? Many would argue that the human nature that Hobbes’ describes in the Lev. would be the most commonly observed, with people risking all to acquire resources such as food, weapons, and allies. Who in this desperate time would feel the need to reflect upon his or her actions in order to decide if he or she wanted said action to become a universal law? Some may argue that in such a situation humans would regress to their most primal instincts and the acquisition of power for survival would outweigh all other ethical obligations. Furthermore, some may argue that there are some duties that conflict with the universality that is a key part to Kant’s CI. One such conflicting obligation is the duty to self-love that justifies suicide. If one is so depressed and miserable, one could argue that one has the duty out of self-love to take one’s own life due to the notion that living longer will bring about more suffering rather than contentment (Kant). However, one must ask how one can make suicide a universal law. A second opposing obligation is that of lying for one’s own advantage justified by the duty of self-love. One may argue that if one should need something, one has the responsibility out of self-love to borrow the needed resource from another with assured promises of a definitive time of reciprocation, even when one knows such reciprocation is not possible (Kant). One must again ask if such a condition would be good as a universal law. In response to Hobbes’ proposed state of nature, Kant’s CI would be extremely beneficial in such a state and would likely keep such a state from occurring. Imagine that there were to be a zombie apocalypse, in which the last remaining group of humans was locked in a camp surrounded on all sides by zombies. Hobbes would argue that in such a state it would be every man for himself in a competition to the death for resources. However, if all individuals within the camp were to abide by Kant’s CI and ethical principles, the scene would play out quite differently. First, each individual would need to respect all other’s dignity as rational beings and therefore as ends and not means. Then for each action one performed, one would have to ask oneself if he or she wished for that action to become a universal law. A state of war could easily be avoided, for none would wish war to become a universal law. Furthermore, a state of pooled resources and synergy could be a ttained, for one could reasonably assume all would wish for others to help them and therefore for such actions to be a universal law. As for the exceptions to Kant’s CI, Kant put’s forth the following replies. Kant explains that a man considering suicide to be an act justified through self-love is a contradiction of logic, for the nature of human life is to improve life, and therefore to end one’s life would contradict the nature of human life (Kant). To say that suicide is a form of self-love is simply an error in logic, and therefore could not be considered as a universal law. As for borrowing something one cannot repay and lying about it, Kant explains that such an act made into a universal law would end in a world with no trust, and therefore was an undesirable universal application (Kant). One would not wish to live in a world where men did not live up to their promises, therefore one should live up to one’s own promises for that is what one would wish to be a universal law. The ethical principles presented by Kant in the GMM are more applicable to ethical dilemmas than the ethical principles presented in the Lev. by Thomas Hobbes. I have provided examples of how fear is not the only, nor the most effective way to advocate the use of morality and have given adequate responses to the counterarguments for my proposed reasons. Therefore, I conclude that in regards to applicability, Kant’s CI is far more useful then the laws of nature put forth by Hobbes.    Works Cited Hobbes, Thomas. The Leviathan.  Oregon State University. Oregon State University, n.d. Web. 28 Apr. 2014. Kant, Immanuel. Immanuel Kant, Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals (1785).  Justice With Michael Sandel. Harvard University, 2011. Web. 28 Apr. 2014.

Robert Smalls Speech on Disfranchising Black People - Free Essay Example

The author wrote this document in an error of racism, and the black American people were highly disfranchised. The message of Robert Smalls is that racism should end and that fairness should be advocated for the goodness of the people of the United States. The article was printed in the Columbia state in 1895. At this time, most of the Jim Crow laws had been passed, and they disfranchised black men. According to Billingsley, (2007). Robert speaks for the black men because he was a victim too despite being a leader. Was what he did matter a lot because the voice of African-American was powerless? However, the democracy enjoyed by the American people now is because of people like him, even though his message was ignored that time. The author is a black American who was a slave in that era when people from Africa were being taken as slaves in America. He was the first black person to be elected as a Republican in South Carolina. Smalls uses his smallest power vested in him to pass on a message to all the white Americans who practice racism by oppressing the blacks (Gallagher Lippard, 2014). He argues that disfranchising the black people in the south will have impacts on the nations economy and the low illiterate white people as well. Additionally, he urges legislators to consider fairness when amending the constitution and some factors like literacy test, voting restrictions and property requirements. It is quite remarkable to note that this speech that Robert Smalls gave was not only for the white people but the whole American fraternity, he wanted unity, equality, and fairness for all the races. In context to what is happening today in South Carolina State, racial disparity is still practiced. A wide gap exists between the black and white people. Extreme poverty states can be observed much in the blacks compared to the whites. References In Gallagher, C. A., In Lippard, C. D. (2014). Race and racism in the United States: An encyclopedia of the American mosaic. Billingsley, A. (2007). Yearning to breathe free: Robert Smalls of South Carolina and his families. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press.

Creating Good Emergency Lesson Plans

Teachers are required to have a set of emergency lesson plans so that in the event of an emergency there is no interruption in the delivery of instruction. There can be any number of reasons to need emergency plans: a death in the family, an accident, or a sudden illness. Since these types of emergencies can arise at any time, emergency lesson plans should be not be associated with lessons that are part of a sequence. Instead, emergency lesson plans should be related to topics covered in your classroom, but not part of core instruction.    Regardless of the  reason for your absence, your substitute plans should always include information critical to the operation of the classroom. This information should be duplicated in the emergency lesson folder. For each class period, there should be class lists (with parent phone numbers/e-mail), seating charts, times for a variety of schedules (full day, half-day, specials, etc) and a general comment on your procedures. The fire drill procedure and a copy of the student handbook should be included in the folder as well as any special school procedures. While still keeping a students right to privacy in mind, you may also leave general notes to prepare the substitute for any special needs students. You may also provide the names and teaching assignments of those educators near the classroom in the event your substitute might need immediate assistance. Finally, if your school has a substitute log-in for computer use, you may leave that information or a contact for the substitute to request a log-in. Criteria for Emergency Lesson Plans The criteria that should be used in developing a good emergency lesson is similar to what you might leave for a scheduled absence. The plans include: Type of learning: emergency lesson plans should not include new learning, but rather work with concepts or principles that students already understand in your  subject area.  Timelessness: Because emergencies  can occur anytime  during the school year, these plans should address concepts important to the discipline, but not tied to a specific  unit. These plans should also be revisited during the school year and adjusted based on what topics students have covered.Length: In many school  districts, the recommendation is that emergency lesson plans should support a substitute for a minimum of three days.  Accessibility: The materials in emergency lesson plans should be prepared so that students of all levels of ability will be able to complete the work. If the plans call for group work, you  should leave recommendations on how to organize students. Substitute plans should be contain translated materials for English Language Learners if there is a need.  Resources: All materials for the  emergency lesson plans should be prepared and, if possible,   left in the folder. All papers should be copied in advance, and a few extra copies added in the event the classroom numbers have changed. There should be directions as to where other materials (books, media, supplies, etc) can be located.   While you want to make sure that your students are engaged in meaningful activities, you also should anticipate the amount of work you will receive when you return. Your first reaction may be to stuff the folder with many different worksheets to keep students occupied. Returning to school to face a folder filled with busy work does not benefit you or your students.   A better way to help the substitute is to provide materials and activities that engage students and can extend over a period of time.    Suggested Emergency Lesson Plans Ideas Here are some ideas that you can use as you create your own emergency lesson plans: There are always extended questions from chapters in your textbook that you may never get to during the school year.   The extended response  questions (sometimes titled further study...) sometimes take more time than a class period or they may be more challenging and involve  applying skills students already have  in solving authentic or real-world problems. There may be scenarios for students to try. A model of what is expected should be provided to the substitute.There may be articles that are related to your discipline with questions that students can answer. If there are no questions with the reading, you can use these four close reading questions that meet the Common Core Literacy Standards. You should leave an example to model for students so that they should know to provide evidence from the text for each question.What is the author telling me?  Any hard or important words? What do they mean?  What does the author want me to understand?How does the author play wit h language to add to meaning? Depending on the media available in your school, you may want to use short videos (TED-ED Talks, Discovery Ed, etc. ) that are often followed by questions. If questions are not available, the same questions used for an article (see above) can be used in responding to media. Again, you may want to leave a model response for students to see.If your students are capable to do writing enrichment activities independently, and depending on the student access to research tools, you could leave a visual (painting, photo, or graphic) that is related to your discipline and have the substitute use the Question Formulation Technique. The visual can be a current event photo, an infographic for math, or a painting of a landscape for a storys setting.This technique allows students to ask their own questions and build off their peers’ questions. In this activity, the substitute would ask students to formulate as many questions as they can about the visual. Have the students  write down every question exactly as it is stated; then have the students  determine which questions can be answered and which need more research. The substitute can lead the class in  prioritizing the questions. Then, the students can choose one (or more), and do the research in order to respond. Leaving the Plans While emergency lesson plans will not cover material you are currently working on in your class, you should use this opportunity to extend their knowledge about your discipline.   It is always a good idea to mark the location of your emergency lesson plans in a place different than your regular  substitute folder.   Many schools ask for the emergency lesson plans be left in the main office. Regardless, you might not want to include them in the folder so as to avoid confusion.   When emergencies come up and remove you from the classroom unexpectedly, it is good to be prepared. Knowing that you have left plans that will engage your students will also minimize inappropriate student behavior, and returning to deal with discipline problems will make your return to the classroom more difficult. These emergency lesson plans may take time to prepare, but knowing that your students have meaningful lessons while you are not available can take the stress out of the emergency and make your return to school more smooth.

Essay on Pros and Cons of E-Commerce - 556 Words

Pros and Cons of E-Commerce nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Electronic commerce or e-commerce involves the buying and selling of products or services over the internet. Put simply, e-commerce means conducting business online. E-commerce software programs run the main functions of an e-commerce web site, including product display, online ordering, and inventory management. This software resides on a commerce server and works in conjunction with online payment systems to process payments. E-Commerce can help a small business off to a great start or can make it fizzle into bankruptsy. It can have a positive and negitive impact on the success of a small business. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;There are many pros to e-commerce. One factor is†¦show more content†¦These are a few of the major factors that can make e-commerce the right thing for a small business. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Though not all parts of e-commerce can make a small business soar to the Fortune 500. There are some cons to using e-commerce as an small business endeavor. One major con is the failure to understand the customers and why and how they buy. Retailers who do not understand customer habits, expectations, and motivations can have trouble selling a sound value product. Failure to co-ordinate is yet another con. If existing reporting and control relationships do not suffice, one can move towards a flat, accountable, and flexible structure, which may or may not aid co-ordination. Failure to obtain senior management commitment can often result in a failure to gain sufficient corporate resources to accomplish a task. It helps to get top management involved right from the start. Failure to obtain employee commitment will occur if planners do not explain their strategy well to employees, or fail to give employees the whole picture, then training and setting up incentive s for workers to embrace the strategy may assist. Under-estimation of time requirements is another con of e-commerce. Setting up an e-commerce venture can take considerable time and money, and failure to understand the timing and sequencing of tasks can lead to significant cost overruns. Profitability may have to wait for theShow MoreRelatedPros and Con E Commerce Essay3852 Words   |  16 PagesPros and Cons of E-Commerce â€Å"The web is the ultimate customer empowering environment. He or She who clicks the mouse gets to decide everything. It is so easy to go elsewhere; all the competitors in the world are but a mouse click away.† Jacob Nielsen, Designing Web Usability. There are many Pros and Cons when it comes to e- commerce. The use of the internet e commerce has grown drastically in recent years. E commerce is the buying and selling of goods and services on the internet. EvenRead MoreThe Pros and Cons of E-commerce Today1795 Words   |  8 PagesTHE PROS AND CONS OF E-COMMERCE TODAY Introduction Electronic Commerce or e-commerce refers to a wide range of online business activities for products and services(Rosen, 2000). E-commerce (or electronic commerce) is defined as the buying and selling of goods and services conducted over electronic systems such as the Internet and other computer networks. Electronic commerce draws on technologies such as mobile commerce, electronic funds transfer, supply chain management, Internet marketing, onlineRead MoreE-Commerce: Pros and Cons of Taking the Clothing Store Online1535 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Internet. In this text, I discuss a number of issues arising out of my resolve to engage in e-Commerce as the owner of a small clothing store along the Jersey Shore boardwalk. Pros and Cons of Taking the Clothing Store Online According to Schniederjans Cao (2002), e-Commerce is the exchange transactions which take place over the Internet primarily using digital technology. Basically, e-Commerce has in the recent past benefited greatly from recent developments in technology including theRead MoreHow Business With The Right E Commerce Platform Essay1251 Words   |  6 PagesHow to Start Small Business with the Right E-commerce Platform You have all what it takes to start a business, from creativity, hard work to determination and what not. Yet, you feel helpless because you don’t have one most important thing, MONEY! Now what? Gone are the days when you have to take a large amount of loan from a bank to start your business. Thanks to the technology that makes it way too easy to earn money online. Whether you are a home maker with a desire to show your creativity toRead MoreBackground. 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The question is why is it not an option? Canada has a universal healthcare plan which reaches its 33 million people. The cons to this program means the doctors are paid on a scale and there is less medical equipment which means longer waiting times for special technology. No deductibles or co-pays are required though. The life expectancy for Canada is a combined, six yearsRead MoreWeek 4 Workshop Questions Essay757 Words   |  4 Pages(a) Explain the pros and cons of dealing with each type of company. An example of a company that is purely Web based would be ASOS and an example of a competing company that is a hybrid would be Westfield. One of the pros of ASOS being a click-only company is that they will have less overhead costs. This is because they do not need a building and thus, no property maintenance costs. That being the case, they can also sell their products at a greater discount. One of the cons of pure play companiesRead MoreAdvantages And Disadvantages Of Using The Web As A Distribution Channel1225 Words   |  5 PagesDiscussion Assignment Unit 7 What are the pros and cons of using the Web as a distribution channel? Are there any situations where it is inappropriate for a company to establish an e-commerce site? Be prepared to defend your answers to your peers. There are many advantages and disadvantages of using the internet as a distribution channel. First, while the internet makes it easy for customers to look for information about a product, read reviews, and form a general idea about what to buy and where

The Amendment Of The United States Constitution - 2174 Words

The 14th Amendment of the United States Constitution protects equal rights for everybody. This includes the right to equal opportunity for education for all. Jonathan Kozol, non-fictional writer, is best known for his books on public education in the United States. In his essay â€Å"Still Separate, Still Unequal: America’s Educational Apartheid†, he talks about segregation in education and provides examples to prove that segregation is regressing all around the country. Everybody deserves the equal opportunity for education regardless of where they come from or what their situation is. Without an education everything else in life is more difficult and nearly impossible. Parents always tell their children â€Å"make sure you get an education† or†¦show more content†¦There are multiple foundations and charities that specifically raise money for equal opportunity education for disabled children all over the world. Although children with disabilities requi re more attention than children without disabilities, they still deserve equal opportunities to an education. In the essay â€Å"Still Separate, Still Unequal: America’s Educational Apartheid† by Jonathon Kozol he discusses segregation in education. Kozol argues that segregation is still a major issue in our education system, and limits for achievement are being set by school districts. Kozol visits several inner-city minority schools that focus primarily on rubrics and standards. At one point in the article, Kozol speaks to a teacher that states, â€Å"I can do this with my dog†. This part of the article was a shock to me because I had no idea that curriculums like this existed in this country. How is it possible for these segregated schools to base their curriculum off of required classes while other richer schools focus on a curriculum that will better benefit the students? This is why segregation is still a major issue today. Students at the high school level are being limited in what they can achieve as well. Kozol proves his argument by interviewing students who w ould like to take classes that would interest them, but are unable to because they are forced to take classes that help them mold into society’s expectations. In his

Analysis Of The Odyssey - 1011 Words

Name Tutor Course Date Close Reading Essay In Book X of the Odyssey, Odysseus gives a tale of his adventure in Circe’s Island. He also tells of his encounter with Circe, (X. 380 - 419). Circe’s equivocation, â€Å"Why, Odysseus, dost thou sit thus like one that is dumb, eating thy heart, and dost not touch food or drink? / Dost thou haply forbode some other guile?† (X. 380 - 381), portrays Odysseus sadness and worry for his men. Earlier in this book, he had narrated of how Circe had put a portion in the men’s food that had turned them into swine. He shows great concern for his men, â€Å"Circe, what man that is right-minded could bring himself to taste of food or drink, /ere yet he had won freedom for his comrades, and beheld them before his face†, (X. 384 - 385), and proves his determination to free them. In trying to do so, he also exemplifies his heroism, â€Å"But if thou of a ready heart dost bid me eat and drink, set them free, that mine eyes may behold my trusty c omrades†, (X. 386), and even though he is a proud man, he asks with great humility. Unlike in Book XII where Odysseus heroic acts are in quest for glory, (X11. 115), his actions in Book X are seen as purely selfless. There is the element of repetition as in most epic stories, So they stood there before her, / and she went through the midst of them,/ and anointed each man with another charm. / Then from their limbs the bristles fell away which the baneful drug that queenly Circe gave them had before made to grow, / andShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Odyssey 1368 Words   |  6 PagesHolmes English H, period 3 11 November 2014 Hospitality: An analysis of xenia in The Odyssey William Shakespeare, in Timon Of Athens Act III Scene line 39 writes : I charge thee, invite them all: let in the tide of knaves once more; my cook and I ll provide† Shakespeare is explaining to his readers that he will invite everyone in and he will cook for them meaning that he will provide everything to his guests. Similarly, in The Odyssey Odysseus without knowing it is providing for all the suitorsRead MoreAnalysis Of The Odyssey 974 Words   |  4 PagesPrabakar Mrs. Kravchak Honors Humanities 1; Period 1 September 10, 2014 The Odyssey Joseph Campbell stated that â€Å"A hero is someone that has given his or her life to something bigger than oneself.† He also believed that on the journey to being a hero, one must physically or mentally leave home, decide on a quest, encounter â€Å"dragons†, experience an all out struggle, be wounded, and finally obtain wisdom. In The Odyssey by Homer, Odysseus embarks on a journey to try to get back home to his kingdomRead MoreAnalysis Of The Odyssey 1689 Words   |  7 PagesThe Odyssey begins by describing Odysseus, a â€Å"man of twists and turns† (Homer 1996: 1) showing that this book is focused on the men, rather than the women. Shortly after, the first description of any womanly figure is â€Å"bewitching† (Homer 1996: 2), which shows that as the epic progresses, the description of most female adversaries would be negative. In Hippolytus, Aphrodite begins by saying that she â€Å"treats well who revere her power† but â€Å"trips up tho se who are proud (averse) to her† (Euripides 2001:Read MoreAnalysis Of The Odyssey 1130 Words   |  5 PagesName: Instructor: Course: Date: The Odyssey is a remarkable piece of the ancient writing that provides a great insight into numerous matters in regard to the past as well as to the present. This poem is greatly appreciated for being a rich source of knowledge about the ancient Greek mundane life: the customs, the hierarchy, the polytheistic religious traditions and rituals. Nevertheless, it would be a great mistake to underestimate the Odyssey in respect to the study of the worldview of the ancientRead MoreAn Analysis Of The Odyssey 1251 Words   |  6 PagesMimi Wang Mrs. Kottke Honors 10 English 3/24/16 The Power of Women in The Odyssey Throughout literary history, women are portrayed as mere property or tools of men; however, women can also be shown as people who hold power in Homer’s The Odyssey. Women hold a significant amount of authoritative power over men in both their lives and mindsets, and this can be seen through Circe s powers that are able to manipulate Odysseus and his men, Penelope s tactics to stall marriage and her caution towardRead MoreAnalysis Of The Odyssey 1311 Words   |  6 PagesWilliams Ninth Honors Literature 6 October 2015 PsychOdyssey Tolkien once said, â€Å"Living by faith includes the call to something greater than cowardly self-preservation†. In this quote he captures the very essence of heroism. 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Cyber Crime Foundations for Cyber Security

Question: 1.Identification and analysis of at least three constitutional challenges aimed at preventing governmental abuse in the policing of cyber-crimes. 2.Analysis of potential negative effects of these constitutional challenges, including how it gives the criminal the advantage over the prosecution. 3.Analysis of three examples of cyber-crimes committed recently where these constitutional challenges affected the prosecution of the criminal, and the ultimate outcome of the cases. Answer: Introduction Cyber Crime is an illegal activity in which computer can be used as a primary source of commission (Yar, 2013). Cyber Crime includes crimes that are only possible by using computers such as dissemination of computer viruses, network intrusion as well as existing computer crimes such as stalking, terrorism, and bullying. In this report, the researcher discusses the constitutional challenges that aimed at preventing governmental abuse in the policing of cyber-crimes. The researcher also discusses Potential negative effect of constitutional challenges including three cases of Cyber Crime Identification and analysis of three constitutional challenges Investigating and prosecuting cases of cybercrime involves number of disputes for law enforcement agencies. It is not only necessary to educate the people about cybercrime, but it is very much important to implement effective and proper legislation (Clough, 2014). The researcher discusses constitutional challenges in this section. The constitutional challenges include: Challenges in drafting national criminal laws Effective legislation became the foundation for investigating and prosecuting number of cases of cybercrime. It is the task of the lawmakers that they must response to the development of internet for monitoring the effectiveness of provisions.. New forms of crimes are raised due to the introduction of new Internet and computer related services. Prosecution of new forms of cybercrime requires time for updating the national criminal law (Gray et al., 2013). It is important to review and updated those offenses that are under the national criminal law. Violations cannot be prosecuted without integrating the cybercrime offenses. The delay between the recognition of potential abuses of new technologies and important modifications is the most important challenge before the national criminal legal system. With the accelerating speed of the network innovation, the challenge remains relevant and tropical (Elmaghraby Losavio, 2014). Many countries are operating effectively in order to catch up with the regulations that are related with the legislative New offences Mostly crimes that are committed by using ICT's are not new crimes but they are scams which are modified for committing online. Fraud can be considered as one example. There is not much difference between a letter that is sent for misleading an individual or an email that is used for the same intention (Randhawa Singh, 2016). If fraud was considered as a criminal offense, then adjustment is not required from the national law to prosecute such acts. Previously, some countries have provisions for fraud cases, but they don't have provisions for those offenses that arise due to development in computer system. It is very much necessary for those countries to adopt new provisions in order to deal with offenses that arise due to computer system (Yar, 2013). For ensuring effective criminalization, it is the task of the lawmakers to develop and analyze different types of offenses that are related with cybercrime. Theft and fraud cases related with computer games are yet not criminalized. New criminal activities are discovered every day (Hazelwood Koon-Magnin, 2013).Some virtual currencies provide crime a real dimension as they have the same value in terms of real currency. Such cases are not prosecuted in every country. For preventing this type of offenses, it is very much important for the offenders to monitor development properly. Increasing use of ICTs ICTs are used by offenders in preparation and execution of offenses. Adequate instruments are required by the law enforcement agencies in order to investigate criminal acts. Some of the instruments can interfere with the innocent users of the internet (Jones Choo, 2014). The use of instrument is unjustified if the harshness of the illegal cases are out of fraction with the power of interference. Hence, numbers of such gadgets that can make the investigation easier are yet not developed by many countries. The implementation of new investigative gadgets is introduced due to the results of a trade-off. The trade-off is mostly between the parliamentary agencies and with the rights of innocent users of the internet (Haase, 2015). It is very much important to examine the present actions of the criminals. This must be done in order to evaluate the changes of threat level. Analyzing negative effects of constitutional challenges The negative effects of constitutional challenges that provide criminal the advantage over prosecution are: Negative Effect of Challenges in drafting national criminal laws Effective legislation is the base for investigating cases that are related with cyber crime. New forms of crimes are rising every day due to the development of technologies. The national criminal law of the country is not updated for reviewing those offenses that are under the national criminal law (Choucri et al., 2014). The delay between the recognition of potential abuses of new technologies and important modifications is the most important challenge before the national criminal legal system is advantageous for criminals. This is because as the national criminal laws of the many countries are not updated with the new cases that are occurring, the court cannot prosecute a criminal (Ruan, K. (2013). Proper legislative foundation is required for comparing the status of criminal provisions with the requirements that are arising due to new criminal cases. Negative Use of New Offences Due to the development of computer systems, theft and fraud cases are increasing at a rapid rate. Many countries do not have provisions for new offenses that are occurring due to the development in computer and internet technologies (Gray et al., 2013). New criminal activities are discovering every day. It has a negative effect on the constitutional rules of a country, and it provides criminal the advantage over prosecution. New criminal activities are discovering every day, but the constitutions are not implementing new provisions against the offenses that are occurring due to development of internet. It is very much necessary for those countries to adopt new provisions in order to deal with offenses that arise due to computer system (Elmaghraby Losavio, 2014). New type of offenses are not analyzed and developed by the lawmakers. The court cannot prosecute a criminal based on such provisions that are not under the constitutional law. Negative effect of ICTs Misuse of ICTs can occur in government or private sector. Mostly human rights principles are directed in order to identify and prevent abuses from government sectors. The technologies that are relevant to infringement of humans right are the DNA analysis, mobile phone camera, biometric identification, networked data based, voice recognition system, etc. (Hazelwood Koon-Magnin, 2013). Anyone having access to a computer can post anything by using an internet on a website. Sometimes the post is not reliable. The increasing use of ICTs provides advantage to criminals instead of prosecution. This is because nowadays people misuse internet and the computer technology. For example CCTV cameras are used for prosecuting criminals and for providing undeniable evidence but images are not always clear which sometimes mislead police, and this is sometimes advantageous for criminals (Fidler et al., 2016). CCTVs can be damaged very easily which sometimes act as a positive point for criminals in order to avoid prosecution. Three recent cyber crimes with respect to Constitutional challenges The constitutional challenges to the punishment of Cyber crime activities and the criminals have some examples where the accusation was spared from severe punishment. Teenager was spared jail even after hacking governments worldwide A teenage hacker hacked a government networks from all over the world. He even sent threats of bombs attacks to the US airlines. In addition, he did all these while sitting in his bedroom by using the knowledge of hacking. The teenager was merely 16-year-old from Plympton, Devon (NJ.com, 2016).He had been hacking many local sites and organizational sites from the age of 14. He had disagreed to the accusations when he was accused of the hacking the government sites before. He used his laptop for causing chaos in Iraq, Thailand, and China. He targeted the foreign ministers of Iraq, Agriculture Minister of Thailand and Security minister of China with the threat messages. He was also responsible for crashing computers at Taiji, Japan and launching a cyber attack at the Sea World Park of Florida (Ruan, K. (2013). All these accusations were denied by the accused using the legal challenge of new offense to cyber crime. He even sent bomb hoaxes to Delta Airlines, American Airlines, and White House. However, the Plymouth Youth Court denied sentencing him to jail. He was just sent to the Custodial Services. Even the FBI deemed the threats issued by the teenager as non-credible. Celebrity hacker receives leniency in punishment for hacking A renowned hacker from the Portland acknowledged that he had hacked hundreds of Google and Apple accounts. He stole the personal photos and information of many celebrities form the hacked account. Andrew Helton had been pleaded accused of hacking charge in the federal court of law. However, due to the constitutional challenges of cyber crime in the court of law, he was provided leniency in punishment of this offensive cyber crime (optechnews.com, 2016). The criminal lawyer rose the point of national cyber crime and stated that his client had not done any crime that could lead to national security. Neither had he done any financial drain of resources from anyone Elmaghraby Losavio, 2014). Hence, he was merely punished with 6 months imprisonment and a fine of just 3000$ for his cyber crime activity. Filipino man ran $9m global credit cards using cybercrime A man from Filipino was alleged for running over credit cards of worth $9million from all over the globe. The person was recognized as Angelo Virtucio, a resident of Quezon City in the Philippines. He has purchased the stolen debit cards and credit cards and encoded new cards with the stolen data. The theft was possible because of the increased use of Information and Communication Technology (Evans, 2016). The legal challenge is due to the increased use of the information and communication technology. He used the information of the debit and credit cards for making new cards and did transactions of approx $9 million for the theft information. Due to the legislation challenges to the law prohibiting strict punishment to cyber criminals, the man was just fined a sum of money. Conclusion It is concluded from the report that constitution faces various types of challenges that provide criminal the advantage over prosecution. Investigating and prosecuting cases of cybercrime involves number of disputes for law enforcement agencies. It is not only necessary to educate the people about cybercrime, but it is very much important to implement effective and proper legislation. New type of offenses are not analyzed and developed by the lawmakers. The court cannot prosecute a criminal based on such provisions that are not under the constitutional law. Therefore, it is very much important to implement proper legislation against the various challenges that the constitution is facing. References Choucri, N., Madnick, S. E., Ferwerda, J. (2014). Institutional Foundations for Cyber Security: Current Responses and New Challenges. Clough, J. 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D., Koon-Magnin, S. (2013). Cyber stalking and cyber harassment legislation in the United States: A qualitative analysis.International Journal of Cyber Criminology,7(2), 155. Jones, D., Choo, K. K. R. (2014). Should There Be a New Body of Law for Cyber Space?.Jones D and Choo KK R. NJ.com.,. (2016).Filipino man admits running $9M global credit card cybercrime ring. Retrieved 28 July 2016, from https://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2016/07/filipino_man_admits_to_running_9m_crime_ring_using.html optechnews.com,. (2016).Celebrity Hacker Gets Six Months in Prison. Retrieved 28 July 2016, from https://www.toptechnews.com/article/index.php?story_id=113003J9R6CC Randhawa, G. S., Singh, D. J. (2016). Analysis of Challenges Faced by Indian Prosecution System.International Journal,1. Ruan, K. (2013). Cybercrime and Cloud Forensics: Applications for Investigation. Yar, M. (2013).Cybercrime and society. Sage.